Availability and pollution levels of cadmium and lead in four Colombian soils. A human health and ecological risk analysis
Disponibilidad y niveles de contaminación de cadmio y plomo en cuatro suelos colombianos. Un análisis del riesgo a la salud humana y al ecosistema
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Soil pollution by potentially toxic elements such as Cd and Pb is currently a priority concern worldwide. In many areas in Colombia these metals accumulate in soils due to emissions from mining, agriculture, and traffic. Consequently, negative impacts on ecosystems and public health can result. In this context, to understand the contaminant-soil dynamics and the risk scenarios associated with contaminated areas are essential for the environmental management. The main objective of this study was to implement a methodology to estimate the potential human health and ecological risk in four soils affected by Cd and Pb. Pseudo-total and available concentrations for both metals were determined. Then, the available concentrations were used to estimate carcinogenic, non-carcinogenic, and ecosystem damage risk indices. In addition, the physicochemical properties and soil Cd and Pb adsorption capability were established. The results of this study indicated high Cd pollution in all studied soils. Pb contamination levels only exceeded the recommended limits in only one of the soils (States Environmental Protection Agency - USEPA). A high carcinogenic risk associated with Cd contamination was found in one of the analyzed areas. In contrast to the pseudo-total concentrations, the availability of contaminants was correlated with the public health. Physicochemical properties such as pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity and adsorption capability were the best predictors of human health and ecological risk. Finally, the results obtained in this study can help the competent authorities to take immediate measures focused on better environmental and risk management for contaminated soils.
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